Forms of Human Communication through the Ages Research Paper

Types of Human Communication through the Ages - Research Paper Example That opportunity was not generally accessible and individuals needed to make a solid effort to get to the degree of communicational opportunity that the vast majority have today. That excursion has been a long and intriguing one. The Cro-Magnon, an antecedent to current man, was the first to take an interest in cavern and rock artistic creations. To date it remains the most punctual type of genuine primate correspondence, assessed at 40,000 years back (Ayiter, 2014).The larger part of cavern works of art found all through Europe show scenes including creatures, similar to buffalo and bear. Specialists accept that cavern artistic creations were critical to early man for hardly any reasons. These creatures were fundamental to the work for endurance; they may have signs to tell trackers what game was accessible in this domain. Another hypothesis includes the idea of an early religion; they may have felt that the pictures had enchanted or restorative forces and they, additionally, may have figured portraying them may improve the probability of effectively chasing and executing one. These cavern painters didn't have any types of real paint, there actualizes were likely berries of various hues and charcoal (Beacon Learning Center, 2001). Cavern works of art were a type of visual correspondence to individuals from one or maybe various gatherings. Almost certainly, this creative and open configuration that prepared for the customs of narrating, otherworldly conviction, and social character all simultaneously. Cavern works of art proceeded for quite a while before verbal correspondence turned out to be increasingly normal; truth be told, considerably after the innovation of dialects certain types of cavern tormenting expressions stayed significant and normal (Beacon Learning Center, 2001). People started utilizing their recently discovered verbal capacities of, language as soon they understood that they could.

Report On Online Shopping System Information

Report On Online Shopping System Information The web based shopping framework is quick picking up media for to deal or buy things from anyplace and whenever. It is essentially founded on Internet, It is connected with B2C (Business to Customer) model and status of the plan and improvement of online business stage. It can not just spare the working expenses of endeavors just as spare the hour of client to go out on the town to shop at shopping center and it is expanding the proficiency of business. This record show the status of Online Shopping System and advancement foundation and afterward presents or talks about the framework plan, framework goals, framework necessities and in general all periods of improvement or execution of framework. This framework furnishes great offices to clients with GUI structures to enrollment, shopping basket the executives, and data change and so forth for client. It has additionally given a few offices to Admin as include thing, update thing and so on. It has been planned with B/S three level structures, JSP innovation for dynamic page structure and for framework security and code reuse the JavaBeans has utilized. What's more, for better correspondence among framework and simple to access, just as to store huge information of the database has utilized MSSql Server 2000. In this essentially the two client one is Admin who can include thing, update thing authority over the database or the administration of client data and keep security over the data of the client just as items. Second is client who get to the webpage for his necessity, he can enlist, search or see the items, subtleties of items and remark for item and can do make sure about exchanges over the web. Part 1: Introduction What I will do? In the proposed framework , as talk about in the theoretical we will build up the new site Online Shopping System for PC items. In the site I followed the product advancement philosophy called gradual methodology nad as indicated by it the framework is chiefly separated inot the two sorts of clients and three sorts of systems so as to make increasingly sutaible for the end clients to satisfy their all requirments from one spot with brisk and in progressively justifiable way. Here two sorts of clients are Admin and End client implies client. What's more, three sorts of techniques which considered here are NetUI implies make accessible access to the end clients for everything from the net which is created with assistance of JSP and HTML, second one is the database which used to store huge measure of information and effectively can retrieve,update and so forth, and last one is the controls utilized for the equivalent. In this way here we followed the model based UI desing approach. The significant things which we included with this site is the most recent item with most recent arrangement client can pick according to setup of that item, outside gadgets, security for transcation, client can send their view or remark and some more. Foundation In the present world the quick improvement of Internet, the Internet has explicitly become the best and quick media for gathering data, correspondence just as went into the business implies selling, buying and so forth. So web based business turned out to be progressively famous and more organizations fabricate an online store to show customers another shopping idea. Web based shopping framework as B2B, B2C, C2C internet business front-end business stage, the entire procedure of its business exercises assumes a significant jobs. In this website or framework, thought is the way to construct a B2C Online Shopping System. Web based shopping is a sort of intuitive highlights business data which gives clients two kinds of static and dynamic data assets. The static data are those that change every now and again or later that assets, sucha as organization profile, the executives rehearses and corporate frameworks and so on. Dynamic data is liable to change data, for example, product cites, meeting courses of action, and preparing data. Web based shopping framework has amazing intuitive highlights to empowers organizations and clients to handily move inoformation to finish online business exchanges. This new between organization exchanges to accomplish the paperless trade of records and assets. Advances Selection and Justification Following is portrayal of advances which are utilized for the site work: 1.3.1 Hardware/Software Requirements Programming details Equipment details: Equipment Least Requirement Chip Intel 3.1GHz processor or onwards Arbitrary Access Memory (RAM) 512 MB RAM. Hard Disk Drive 20GB (min. free useable plate space). 1.3.2 Technology Description 1) JSP: As there are number of abbreviations with which the Internet is stuffed, another is JSP. Here the JSP is representing the Java Server Pages, however it㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s regularly known as the JSP. JSP is only the scripting language and particularly like the ASP, PHP dialects. Utilizing the JSP, substance in the site are produced powerfully which permitting the as opposed to just statically similarly as with the HTML. There are many free facilitating accessible for the JSP sites as a result of the explanation is that JSP is free and open source, basic, vigorous. There are other web improvement advances additionally accessible now days, for example, PHP, ASP.net and so on. Be that as it may, we experienced a few issues with such advances which are introduced in following legitimization for the equivalent: JSP over PHP: Both (JSP PHP) is web innovations are solid. For the a large portion of the endeavor level applications JSP is better approach to do due to its security, dependability, speed of execution and so forth and more are the benefits of JSP. We experienced the issue with the PHP is that it gets not increasingly secure as think about JSP. When contrasted with the PHP, JSP is increasingly quick device for the improvement of sites, when we know it, we can plan any sort of pages which appears to us harder with the PHP in light of the fact that PHP is more earnestly and furthermore less items situated than JSP. Utilizing JSP, we can create web application speedy by keeping up the degree of execution, security for the equivalent. JSP over ASP.NET: ASP.NET is accompanied the Microsoft item in the VS structure which is likewise one of the better method to plans and build up our sites, however the issue with such innovation is that it is accessible just monetarily implies not openly as the JSP. As the we are getting same exhibitions from the JSP as from the ASP.net, at that point it㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s enough to choose to go with the JSP. Aside from this, there some different preferences which of JSP over the ASP.NET we watched, for example, Uninhibitedly Avaliable and Platform autonomous. Facilitating is Cheply accessible. Web Server for JSP is free. On the off chance that OS is Linux, no compelling reason to pay for the antivirus programming projects. Fast turn of events. 2) MSSql Server 2000: One of the amazing is MSSql. There are numerous other ground-breaking databases, for example, Oracle, Mysql and so forth are accessible. Yet, while choosing MSSql database, there are two things which were tended to when contrasted with Oracle just as MySql as: database which is best appropriate with the JSP and another is database which have quick speed to recover, update or correspondence with information. While with Oracle, MySqlserver there parcel of additional endeavors should be done before setting up the web application, the MSSql database is simple database with the high dependability, quick execution, and simple to utilize. Task Plan Along these lines as we utilized the steady approach of the product advancement, this task is isolated into the various stages like prerequisite investigation stage, structuring stage, improvement stage, sending stage, testing stage and so forth. Following graph shows the review of the proposed venture plan with their time spans. Stages in Website Development In this segment, a portion of the quality planes which are considered so as to keep up the nature of the proposed site. The significant quality measure which we considered for the site is the best possible approval for various things and reaction time of the proposed site in light of the fact that based on this clients fascination is depends. Following is the short clarification of these terms: 1) HTML Validation Utilizing this approval we can check the report accuracy against the DOCTYPE which is announced. Based on this different sorts of reports created if there are any bugs with it. 2) Validating Links This is one significant issue with the sites. Connections of the site are checked against the all connections given in the site whether they are working as indicated by the particular given. 3) Validating Accessibility This is the most significant action which must be remembered for each site quality arranging. It isn't sufficient just to make the site, since individuals from better places, with various stages getting to our site. The activity of web openness is the keeping up the assets list which will help so as to planning the sites which will available. 4) Response Time For the sites like proposed one it㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s important to check up with the reaction time of server in light of the fact that with sites a few shopping exchanges should be finished. Part 2: Software Development Methodologies 2.1 Types of Methodologies The instrument of procedure is for the most part made out of the at least one methods related to the one of the models of programming improvement. The prototyping strategies, object situated methods which are the numerous courses so as to execute the models, for example, steady, cascade and winding models. During the single venture such sorts of systems are coordinated just as blended. Along these lines the system = methods + models. Following are various types of systems which are set up based on blend of methods just as models: 1) Waterfall Model (Life Cycle) 2) Prototyping Model (Life Cycle) 3) Iterative Enhancement Model 4) Incremental Model 5) The Spiral Model 6) Object Oriented Methodology In the following segment, we will see the

Business Continuity Plan For Boots Pharmacy Example

Business Continuity Plan For Boots Pharmacy Example Business Continuity Plan For Boots Pharmacy â€" Assignment Example > @2010Table of ContentsIntroduction Business continuity is categorically one of the essential management processes that deal with the identification of threats that may affect an organization and the impacts of the identified threats on the normal operations of a business organization. The identification of threats that may impact an organization, form a fundamental framework that can be used to develop reliance which is the ability of an organization to effectively respond to threats and protect the key stakeholders within the organization. In addition to adding reliance, the other contributions of the development of a business continuity plan to an organization include aspects such as restoring the ability of an organization to supply essential services, increasing the capacity to manage disruptions that may affect the business and assisting in complimenting of the process of risk management (Doughty 2001). Aims of the Report The aim of the report is to devise a business continui ty plan for one of the biggest Pharmaceutical companies in the U. K known as the Boots Pharmaceuticals which is ranked under the category two of the 2005 civil contingencies Act. It is very much necessary for well established organization like the Boots organization to formulate business continuity plans that can assist the organization handle threats or even disruptions that may affect the organizations normal functioning. The documented procedures of the plan are collected and the information is compiled in readiness for use to enable an organization carry out its operations as usual in despite of disruption. The purpose of the document will therefore focus creating a well developed business continuity that will assist Boots Pharmaceutical Company to be well prepared for any incoming threats and also ensure that the organization is safe at all times. The Scope of the Report The report will cover several aspects such as understanding the organization this is through an evaluation of the history of the organization and the evaluation of the main activities undertaken by the organization. The plan will also involve the aspect of risk assessment which mainly entails the evaluation for the critical dependencies within the organization. In order to come up with a business continuity plan that useful for the pharmacy it is vital that the plan has to undergo verification and validation by the organization’s management. Boots Pharmacy Operating Environment Boots limited is one of the top pharmaceutical companies in the U. K. presently the organization has 2,600 stores which are mainly health and beauty stores. The business has outlets in many regions in the U. K. In addition the organization has extended its operations outside to other countries in Europe such as the Republic of Island and Norway. The Boots Company can be categorized under a privately owned company; therefore its shares are not listed or traded on the stock exchange market. The business has for many years operated under transfer of ownership every since its initiation. The Pharmacy can be stated as an organization with a long history. It was first started by John Boots in 1849. The company was restructured to a pure drug store in with a number of subsidiary firms such the Lancs Cash boots chemists were founded, in 1988. In 1920 the business was later sold to the United Drug Company located in America by Jesse Boot. However due to the weakening economic situation in North America, the company was sold back in 1933 to British management and Edinburgh (Britton 1988). The organization managed to establish 180 shops by the end of the 19th Centaury. In the 1990s the company expanded its operations further by opening a drug manufacturing plant in Cramlington, it also begun to diversify its operations by operating a car and bicycle parts business.

Essay on Socrates and Plato - 549 Words

Socrates and Plato: Significant Philosophers of Ancient Greece nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"The Unexamined Life is not Worth Living.† This is the famous quote proclaimed by Socrates, a controversial philosopher of ancient Athens. He believed that anyone could lead a significant and meaningful existence by examining his or her own life and ideas very thoroughly. (Soccio) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Socrates was wise in respect to the fact that he never accepted a â€Å"truth† that was told to him, without getting incontestable evidence to back it up. He made the realization that people believed in things without even knowing where their ideas came from. In ancient Athens, citizens believed in many gods and myths associated with them.†¦show more content†¦Is their one god I should obey, or how do I know when to support one god and when to follow another?† The priest was embarrassed by his question and witnesses snickered. (Philips) This kind of questioning was typical of Socrates. His search for knowledge by asking questions is known as the Socratic Method. (Soccio) Socrates was put to death in 399 B.C.E. for allegedly â€Å"corrupting the youth of Athens†, by questioning the nature of their beliefs. (Fiero) Socrates most famous student, Plato, took Socrates’ teachings one-step further after his death. He was angered by the death of his friend, and began to distrust government; namely, the Athenian democracy. He thought that a rule by majority was corrupt, and that the majority of people were not bright enough to make decisions for the state. Plato attempted to demonstrate that there was proof of a â€Å"divine goodness† by several illustrations. Such illustrations include his famous â€Å"Divided Line†, â€Å"The Simile of the Sun†, and â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†. In these expressions, he aims to pick apart the foundation of knowledge and where it comes from. He believed that human souls could ultimately reach the highest level of reality and have a total understanding of all things. In other words, the soul who had reached the highest level of understanding no longer needed to question or perceive things, because he would recognize and comprehend â€Å"pure knowledge† or â€Å"pure goodness†. (Soccio) In a way, I think Plato was trying toShow MoreRelatedSocrates, Plato, and Aristotle884 Words   |  4 PagesMike W. Civ. 1: Sec, 121-10 Dr. Maria Farina Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, three men considered to be the quintessential basis of ancient Greek philosophy. Not only were they responsible for Greek enlightenment, but also foreshadowed the coming of Christ in there speculations. Plato, the protà ©gà © of Socrates, became the first to document the philosophy of his teacher, which in turn is passed down to Aristotle. This process of mentoring aided ancient man in the intellectual evolution ofRead MoreSocrates, Plato, And Aristotle900 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophers that have many different views and opinions on philosophy. In this essay, I will be talking about the three great philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and how they help to define what exactly philosophy is. These three Greek philosophers represent the birthplace of Western philosophy and help to shed some light on the actual meaning of the term. Socrates is from about 400 B.C. His final destination was simple. He wanted to assist others so that they could really investigate their ownRead MorePlato s Ion, Socrates, And Socrates855 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato’s Ion, Socrates tries to prove that all poets are ignorant. He did not leave out himself, as a matter of fact, what separated Socrates from the others is the fact that he knew he was ignorant. In Socrates conversation with Ion- the rhapsode, he was able to prove that Ion is ignorant by asking him about Homer and another poet who spoke about the same topic, Ion was able to speak up about the questions on Homer, but not that of the other poet, even though they both spoke about the same contentRead MoreReflection Of Socrates And Plato889 Words   |  4 PagesFamous Greek Philosophers both Socrates and Plato believed in a life that had meaning and value, one that would be understood through a certain process or way of life. Socrates had a famous statement â€Å"Know thy self†, this statement meant for Socrates that we must choose a good life for ourselves through self-reflection and self-awareness. We must understand the knowledge we learn through life and others and reflect on it. He believed we obtained this knowledge through experience and careful reflectionRead MoreThe Comparison Of Socrates And The Death Of Plato And Plato1292 Words   |  6 Pagesdrawing and different pieces of art to the Bible. Today we will be discussing the The Death of Socrates (Apology Crito and Phaedo) and the author Plato. Plato was a student of Socrates. In these dialogues, he narrates the events leading up to Socrates’ death. To begin I will be discussing the reasons why Plato wrote these dialogues. Leading into the discussion of each dialogue and the importance each work. Socrates was a man who in these dialogues discusses how during his life he knew that he did not knowRead MoreThe Death Of Socrates By P lato1188 Words   |  5 PagesPhaedo is an account of events before and after the death of Socrates as written by Plato in the form of dialogue. This dialogue is an expression of various arguments and beliefs on the theme of mortality. Phaedo was one of the men present to witness the death of Socrates, and before the execution, they had engaged in conversations with which Socrates expressed his ideas on death, the soul, and the belief in the existence of an afterlife. Plato’s philosophical idealism is expressed in Phaedo in someRead MorePlato: The Trial and Death of Socrates1263 Words   |  5 PagesPLATO- The Trial and Death of Socrates Athens belonged to a royal blood of an Aristocratic family. Plato was a good learner and pupil who always wanted to wanted to justify Socrates and tried to discover the eternal principles of human conduct, happiness, justice, temperance and courage. He was holding a unique and valuable position in the area when he was only about twenty eight years old. Plato never forced anyone to follow him and to adopt his thoughts in order to adopt a true and simple meanRead MorePlato s Views On Socrates928 Words   |  4 Pageson Socrates came from one of his own disciples, Plato. Plato’s writings are the reason Socrates is historical figure he is today, without them Socrates would have been nothing more than a minor presence (Navia 93). Plato’s writings are classified as either early, middle, or late. However, only the early writings best portray the real Socrates (Navia 105). These writings include the Euthyphro, Crito, Phaedo, and most importantly the Apology, which discusses th e trial and execution of Socrates. SimilarlyRead MorePlato : The Trial And Death Of Socrates1107 Words   |  5 PagesAmanda Kewal Phil 103 Essay #1 Plato: The Trial and Death of Socrates Euthyphro In Platos Euthyphro, Euthyphro is surprised to see Socrates at the courthouse because he doesnt seem like the kind of person that should be anywhere around a courthouse. They both discuss why Socrates is there in which he tells Euthyphro that he is being indicted by Meletus for corrupting the youth because he does not believe in the old gods of Athens and makes up new gods. 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Analysis of Satans Speech in in John Miltons Paradise Lost

Analysis of Satans Speech in Miltons Paradise Lost John Miltons Paradise Lost is a work of enduring charm and value because of its theological conceptions, its beautiful language, and its updating of the epic to the modern worlds values. Book II of this epic poem opens with Satans speech to his minions in hell, proposing war on Heaven itself. In these first 44 lines, Satan is clearly established as epic hero, but at the same time is theologically/morally denounced by the speaker. This section of the poem opens by establishing Satans position of power and prestige: High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind, Or where the gorgeous East with†¦show more content†¦Satan proceeds to address his gathered host of followers who with him were thrown out of heaven. He addresses them as Powers and Dominions, deities of Heaven, (II. 11), appeasing their egos and appealing to their desire for power and control. He justifies this, despite their recent loss, for since no deep within her gulf can hold/Immortal vigor, though oppressed and falln/I give not Heavn for lost, (II. 12-14). Because of the strength and power of those doomed to hell for all eternity, they will be able to re-conquer Heaven despite what God did to them. He proceeds to say that, From this descent/Celestial Virtues rising, will appear/More glorious and more dread than from no fall, (II. 14-16) because the struggles of living in Hell will increase the power and glory of the gifts of each of the fallen. As a result of these assertions of the power and might of the denizens of hell, Satan asserts that they, trust the mselves to fear no second fate. (II. 17) Satan follows this speech appeasing the egos of his followers by commenting on his own prowess and virtues. Me though just right, and the fixed laws of Heavn Did first create your leader, next, free choice, With what besides, in counsel or in fight,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1852 Words   |  8 Pagesliterary merit. Do not merely summarize the plot. (2010 AP Literature and Composition) Disobedience and Exile an Analysis of Satan from Milton’s Paradise Lost John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost, has been the subject of criticism and interpretation through many years; these interpretations concur in that Adam and Eve are the sufferers of the poem, and it is their blight to lose Paradise because of their disobedience; however, their exile is merely a plight brought by Satan, and it is he who suffersRead More A Comparison of God and Satan in Paradise Lost Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of God and Satan in Paradise Lost      Ã‚   In this essay I shall be focusing on the characters of G-d and Satan from Paradise Lost by John Milton.   Within the essay I shall be attempting to elucidate on the themes of ambiguity of the two characters as well as the uncertainty of moral integrity of each, characterized by Johns Miltons use of sentence structure, private thoughts and symbolism.    Foremost I would like to look at the way the way in which Milton characterizes theRead MoreFall from Grace: Satan as a Spiritually Corrupt Hero in Miltons Paradise Lost2859 Words   |  12 PagesFall From Grace: Satan as a Spiritually Corrupt Hero in Miltons Paradise Lost Can Satan -- a being, so evil that even as an Ethereal being of Heaven, who was cast out of Gods grace - be a hero? John Miltons Satan in Paradise Lost is very much a romanticized character within the epic poem, and there has been much debate since the poems publishing in 1667 over Miltons sentiments and whether Satan is the protagonist or a hero. As an angel in God the Fathers Heaven, Satan rose up with a groupRead MoreJohn Milton Opens Paradise Lost Essay2170 Words   |  9 Pages As John Milton opens Paradise lost with a brief explanation of his intent, he makes a very ambitious statement of his goal, claiming that his book would be sufficient means by which â€Å"[He might] assert Eternal Providence, / And justify the ways of God to men† (Paradise Lost 1.25-26). So the reader should treat his epic poem as the attempted justification that it is, and ask themselves this: does this argument successfully justify God’s ways? A key—perhaps even the key—par t of Milton’s book, and thereforeRead More An Analysis of Satans Final Speech in Milton’s Paradise Lost1782 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of Satans Final Speech in Milton’s Paradise Lost Satans final speech to Eve, 11. 679-732, Book IX, in Miltons Paradise Lost, is a persuasive masterpiece carefully structured to appeal to her ambitious tendencies and to expand her already existing doubts (which Satan has implanted) as to the perfect nature of God. Satan begins by worshipping the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, as Eve will do after she has made her choice. Throughout the remainder of the speech, he attempts

La Leche League International Promoting Awareness for Breastfeeding Free Essays

La Leche League For decades there has been a debate over whether or not women should be allowed to breast feed their infants in public. Breastfeeding is a significant activity in early development. Human breast milk contains essential nutrients and calories that are vital to the growth and health of children during the earliest stages of life. We will write a custom essay sample on La Leche League International: Promoting Awareness for Breastfeeding or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many organizations that have been formed to promote the awareness and necessity for breastfeeding. The most popular organization is the La Leche League International (LLLI). The La Leche League offers the women of the Valley the opportunity to join an international women’s organization and to better gain valuable insight on the history of breastfeeding and benefits that breastfeeding provides to both the mother and her infant. The La Leche League International is a non-profit organization that was founded by seven mothers (Mary White, Edwina Hearn Froehlich, Mary Ann Cahill, Betty Wagner Spandikow, Viola Brennan Lennon, Mary Ann Kerwin, and Marian Leonard Tompson) in the United States in 1956. The founders of the La Leche League hoped to help other mothers who wanted to breastfeed their children but found it difficult. The La Leche League offers information and encouragement (mainly through personal help and experience) to all mothers who want to breastfeed their babies. The La Leche League encourages breastfeeding from birth onwards with no upper age limit for the child. The idea for naming the ‘La Leche League’ came from a statue in St. Augustine, Florida honoring â€Å"Nuestra Senora de la Leche y Buen Parto† which means â€Å"Our Lady of Milk and Good Childbirth†. When the La Leche League was found, the words â€Å"breastfeeding† and â€Å"pregnant† weren’t readily accepted in society, so the Spanish word â€Å"La Leche† (which stands for â€Å"the milk†) was used as to not offend anyone in the society. In 2010, the League published the book The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding which â€Å"is the most complete resource available for the breastfeeding mother. The book became a National Best-seller†. The La Leche League is active in 65 countries and territories; it reaches more than 300,000 mothers monthly through a network of over 7,000 accredited leaders (â€Å"Brief†). The La Leche League was founded to give information and encouragement, mainly through personal help, to all mothers who want to breastfeed their babies. While complementing the care of the physician and other health care professionals, it recognizes the unique importance of one mother helping another to perceive the needs of her child and to learn the best means of fulfilling those needs. It helps mothers who want to breastfeed through mother-to-mother support, encouragement, information and education, and to promote a better understanding of breastfeeding as an important element in the healthy development of the baby and the mother (â€Å"LLLP†). The La Leche League believes that breastfeeding is best thing to do for the baby and the mother. It offers a unique bonding experience that fosters a nurturing relationship between mother-to-child. The La Leche League also believes that breastfeeding can deepen a mother’s understanding of the responsibilities and rewards of her new role in the family. To be a member of the La Leche League it cost an annual fee of $25. Members are granted access to an international e-newsletter, a discount in their online store and special offers via email. The La Leche League believes mothers who are members of LLLI breastfeed longer because they have the information, education, support, and encouragement they need to enjoy the experience. Supporting Membership in LLLI is a real bargain when you consider the costs of not breastfeeding! The best way is to join is through a local group, so that funds will be available in your vicinity to help mothers and babies locally but members may opt to join online (â€Å"Benefits of LLL†). The closest center to our area is in McAllen, Texas. The McAllen group meets every third Tuesday of the month. All breastfeeding mothers and mothers-to-be interested in breastfeeding are welcome to attend any meeting or call one of the Leaders for breastfeeding help or information. Babies are always welcome at the meetings as well. La Leche League Leaders are experienced mothers who have breastfed their own babies and who have been trained and accredited by La Leche League International to help mothers and mothers-to-be with all aspects of breastfeeding. They are available by phone whenever you have breastfeeding questions or concerns. Interested candidates for membership can join LLLI locally in 65 different countries and territories or online virtually anywhere. Although the La Leche League is a non-profit organization, in 2009-2010 it received â€Å"$594,083 from membership dues, $485,035 from Publications, $382,680 from Contributions, $327,044 Royalty Income, $34,522 from Periodicals, $7,760 from Miscellaneous, $5,279 from Interest Income, and $650 from Workshop and seminar fees† (â€Å"LLLIO†). The most commonly issue with mothers breastfeeding is if it is acceptable public acceptance. While there are no recorded laws in the US forbidding breastfeeding outside of the home and only three states in which laws place any limitation on the way in which public breastfeeding may be done, it is often frowned upon by the public. A woman who breastfeeds in a privately owned place open to the public, such as a restaurant or shopping mall, might lawfully be asked to leave, either by the owner or in accordance with the owner’s instructions. State laws that protect public breastfeeding fall into three categories. Currently, the strongest state laws are those that both protect a woman’s right to breastfeed anywhere she or her child have a right to be, regardless of whether the breast is showing, and that also give the woman the power to bring a legal action against anyone who interferes with her breastfeeding. Other state laws establish a woman’s right to breastfeed in public, but don’t provide a way for her to enforce this right. The third category specifies that the act of breastfeeding is not indecent exposure (sometimes given other names, but always referring to the exposure of body parts), and prevent a woman from being charged with a sex crime for breastfeeding. Most of the states in the United States do protected nursing but there are three states that have no law protecting nursing, which include West Virginia, Nebraska, and Idaho. As for the state of Texas there is a law that protects nursing in public but without an enforcement provision (â€Å"Public†). Aside from knowing the laws about breastfeeding in public, people need to educate themselves on the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant and the mother. â€Å"Breastfeeding is one of the best ways to ensure a baby’s health and development. It’s a convenient, cost-effective, natural way to feed your baby† (â€Å"Breastfeeding†). Breast milk has been found to provide the ideal balance of nutrients for optimal growth and development, and it is easily digestible by the baby. This is because the breast produces colostrum, which is thick, yellowish fluid that helps a newborn’s digestive system develop and function properly. Nursing can also prevent many common childhood illnesses as breast milk contains antibodies that pass from the mother to the baby for protection. This is called natural immunity, and studies have shown a decrease in both hospitalizations and pediatrician visits in babes that were breastfed by their mothers. Some of the common aliments that are decreased include bacterial meningitis, iarrhea, ear infections, and respiratory tract infections. Other, more server condition, such as sudden infant death syndrome and childhood leukemia, have been confirmed by research to have a reduced risk of development in babies who have been breastfeed (â€Å"Breastfeeding†). For premature infants, human milk significantly shortens that duration of their hospital stay, hastens brainstem maturation, and reduces the risk of life-threating disea ses. A mother’s breast milk is unique in both its composition and function, and cannot currently be reproduced by other manmade substance. Even though there are a multitude of benefits for the baby, there are also many for the mother as well. Breastfeeding helps the uterus return back to its normal size and reduces post delivery bleeding after by releasing a hormone called Oxytocin. It also burns up to five hundred calories per day, which helps the mother shed the pounds gained during pregnancy in a natural way, and breastfeeding may reduce the rick of developing postpartum depression. Breastfeeding exclusively can delay the return of the menstrual cycle for twenty to thirty weeks. Not only does this help the mother recover quickly after leaving the hospital, but also it is 98% effective in preventing pregnancy. However, birth control is still suggested for preventative measures, and has not been found to have any adverse affect on the baby while breastfeeding. The most important benefit, however, is the bond developed between the baby and mother while breastfeeding, which helps to enhance emotional attachment between the two (â€Å"Benefits of â€Å"Breastfeeding†). The individual that I interviewed said that breastfeeding made her â€Å"fell closer to her baby and prideful that she could provide for her child† (Milligan). This physical contact also helps the baby to feel more secure and warm in their environment, and eases the transition out the womb. While breastfeeding, a baby gets skin-to-skin contact, ensuring a closer bond to their mother and helping the baby to feel more satisfied emotionally. Another great reason is that mothers can save thousands of dollars on hospital visits and formal. Mothers can spend up to $500 each month for formula and up to $1500 for doctor visits, prescriptions, and hospital stays in the first year (â€Å"Benefits of LLL†) Since breastfeeding also results in a reduction in an infants illness, the mother will be able to take fewer sick days off from work. Although breastfeeding may seem scary or foreign, it is actually a very natural process to the body that will, with time, become both comfortable and natural for the mother. After weighing the multitude of benefits for the baby, society, and, the mother herself, breastfeeding is the best choice when it comes to feeding and caring for a baby in the most optimal way. That is why I believe mothers should to join the La Leche League to help promote breastfeeding in our community. Work Site â€Å"Benefits of Breastfeeding. † Natural Resources Defense Council. Natural Resources Defense Council. March 25, 2007. Web. April 2, 2012 â€Å"The Benefits of LLL Supporting Members. † La Leche League. La Leche League. June 6, 2011. Web. April 9, 2012 â€Å"A Brief History of La Leche League International. † La Leche League. La Leche League. October 14, 2007. Web. April 2, 2012 â€Å"Breastfeeding. † Healthy Women. Healthy Women. January 9, 2012. Web. April 10, 2012 â€Å"La Leche League International Operations. † La Lecha League. La Leache League. December 15, 2011. Web. April 9, 2012 â€Å"La Leche League Purpose. † La Leche League. La Leche League. October 14, 2007. Web. April 8, 2012 â€Å"Milligan, Alisha. † Personal Interview. April 8, 2012 â€Å"Public Breastfeeding Laws. † Mothering. Mothering. n. d . Web. April 10, 2012 How to cite La Leche League International: Promoting Awareness for Breastfeeding, Papers

Obedience and Authority

Studies of obedience to authority have been important to social psychologists as they study the manner in which authorities change thoughts, behaviors and feelings of citizens.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Obedience and Authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that Obedience has been perceived as a useful tenet in society, psychological research has suggested the existence of a dark side (Hill par. 5-8). Therefore, it is necessary for authorities to order people to be obedient, but the orders have to be based on moral standards. In this paper, the negative and positive aspects of the authorities’ orders are compared while maintaining the necessity of obedience to authority. The manner in which people obey those in authority has been the focus of recent debate and research. For instance, Stanley Miligram, a social psychologist described an experiment where ordinary citizens delivered e lectric shock every time a person failed to memorize certain words. In this experiment, shock givers did not know that no shock was being delivered, and the recipient was trained to respond by false pretence. The experiment revealed that about two thirds of shock deliverers were ready to inflict pain regardless of the recipient’s agony, simply because of authorization (Tourist 13). In line with Miligram’s experiment, the situation in Abu Ghraib prison (where soldiers participated in inhumane treatment of detainees due to orders from those in authority) and Okinawa (where residents were ordered by Japanese military to kill themselves using grenades) gives the implication that even decent people can end up torturing and killing when given the right circumstances. The fact that the soldiers in Abu Ghraib participated in torturing of detainees (they considered it principled or even romantic) raises the important question whether the bow to authority must exist among all pe ople or moral oppositions should sometimes be put up. Therefore, a balance between obedience and non-compliance has to be struck, since obedience is required for smooth functioning of societies. Similarly, when people oppose authority blindly, it causes a delusional belief where they think they possess a certain moral virtue. This is contrary to the fact that real life always requires people to exercise compromise. Several authors (e.g. Wenker) have pointed out that blind opposition to authority serves no other role other than a satisfaction to one’s own egoism, which may be detrimental to society and people’s well being.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, as much as authorities should order people to be obedient, the existence of opposition to authority should be principled, considerate and highly selective (Hersh 1-3; Kambayashi 1-3: Wenker 1-8). Accordin g to Wenker, a strong moral decision exists in the armed forces. Therefore, soldiers have a strong moral obligation to fulfill these decisions by choosing the best approach of attaining their goals in line with those of the military. Soldiers have always attributed the attainment of military goals as being extremely significant. However, this may contravene the rights and freedoms of those involved, as explained by the attempt of soldiers to milk evidence from detainees at Abu Ghraib prison through immoral and inhumane ways (Wenker 5). According to Wenker, the military force is not justified to use authority in a manner which contravenes the rights of citizens. Therefore, he suggests that â€Å"the armed forces are a means to very significant moral ends† (Wenker 7). Wenker further points out that the military system of authority is not devoid of unfair treatment, for instance when liberties of soldiers are restricted in certain situations. However, authorities (e.g., the mili tary system) have generally achieved a remarkable record of promoting fair treatment. For instance, though obedience by prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq was necessary as part of their rehabilitation, there was also a dark side because of the tendency by American soldiers to obey authority figures, even when they made demands which were out rightly questionable and ultimately immoral to the detainees (Hersh 1-3; Kambayashi 1-3; Hill par. 5-8). According to Wenker, authorities need more instruments to realize their goals other than solely relying on soldiers. Hence Wenker points out that there must be societal cooperation, where the effort of each societal member is in line with the effort of others. However, for such a phenomenon to occur, conscious decisions have to be made, which elicits the necessity of societal decision procedures. Wenker asserts that if effective and fair decisions are adopted as part of procedures, citizens tend to obey them. Therefore, obedience to autho rity is a condition which is necessary so that the moral goals of authorities can be achieved. Hence according to Henkel, obedience is a functional imperative, so long as the decision procedure undertaken by authorities is fair and effective (Wenker 1-8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Obedience and Authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, protests by Okinawa residents due to attempts to downplay army’s role in mass suicides was a justified and fair approach taken by society on moral grounds. Hence the decision by authorities to revise history and protect involvement of the military in mass suicide during the Second World War was a decision that was morally wrong (Kambayashi 1-3; Hill par. 5-8). Because of the obligation of personnel working in authorities to obey military or police authority, the personnel, in any situation should rely on obedience as the morally appropriate response to decisions. However, quick obedience should not be blind and the personnel’s moral sensitivities should be kept alert towards the possibility that disobedience might be required by morality (Wenker 8; Hill par. 5-8). Works Cited Hersh, Semour. â€Å"Torture in Abu Ghraib: American Soldiers Brutalized Iraqis-How Far Does the Responsibility Go?† The New York Times, 10 Mar. 2004: 1-3. Print. Hill, Spyglass. Notes on Military leadership, n.d. Web. http://www.molossia.org/milacademy/leadership.html Kambayashi, Takehiko. â€Å"Japan Revises History Texts: Okinawa Resident’s Protest Attempts to Downplay Army’s Role in Mass Suicides†, The  Correspondent, 7 Aug. 1990: 2-3. Print. Tourist, Grief. Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Experiment, 15 Mar. 2009. Web. Wenker, Kenneth. â€Å"Morality and Military Obedience†, Air University Review, 17 Aug. 1981: 1-8. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Obedience and Authority was written and submitted by user Abbey Ramsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.